Available November 2026
Rebecca M. Brown
This innovative book reimagines modernism through the illegible scribbles and vibrant colors of southern Indian artist KCS Paniker.
KCS Paniker (1911–1977) is a canonical figure in India’s twentieth-century modernism. He was principal of the Madras School of Art and founder of one of the world’s longest-standing artists’ communities. Yet, even within India, he remains a marginal figure, positioned at the periphery of a dominant art world centered in the north. Paniker’s best-known body of work, the Words and Symbols series (1963–77), calls on us to reconsider how knowledge is produced and disseminated in a postcolonial, decolonizing world. These “written pictures”—paintings filled with symbols, tables, equations, and illegible scribbles—invite decoding, only to undermine the pursuit of wholeness or stable meaning.
Paniker famously called Paul Klee his “guru.” In this book, art historian Rebecca M. Brown explores what that might mean, moving beyond tracing influence and derivation to embrace a fuller sense of artistic relation across geography and time. Featuring over 100 stunning illustrations, Modernism in Relation explores the dynamic, twisting currents of modernism, tracing how Paniker navigated its waters on his own terms—abandoning prescriptions for what modern art should be or what Indian modernism should look like. The book reveals a maker seeking new creative languages, challenging ways of knowing, and exploring the unpredictable, ever-changing nature of relation.
Rebecca M. Brown is professor of the history of art and chair of the museum studies and cultural heritage management programs at Johns Hopkins University. Her books include Displaying Time (2017), Gandhi’s Spinning Wheel and the Making of India (2010), and Art for a Modern India, 1947–1980 (2009).
“In this lucid study and methodological tour de force, Rebecca Brown renders the words and symbols of KCS Paniker legible even as she champions the power of illegibility. Her analysis—deeply grounded in philosophies of language and power as well as archives and collections—offers new ways to understand artistic creativity. Ultimately, Brown’s work stands as an incisive meditation on the techniques and very purpose of art historical writing.”
—Karin J. Zitzewitz, Professor of Art History, University of Maryland, College Park
224 pages
8 1/4 x 10 1/2 inches
107 color and 3 b/w illustrations
ISBN 979-8-88712-064-5
hardcover
Getty Publications
Imprint: Getty Research Institute
2026